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The Perils of Presidentialism

Profile picture of Samson ZhangSamson Zhang

Juan J. Linz (Journal of Democracy, 1990)

Mar 8, 2022Last updated Mar 8, 2022

Summary

Linz argues that Presidential democracies are less stable than parliamentary ones in countries with polarized political views because competing executive-legislative democratic legitimacy and the timed nature of Presidential terms exacerbate extremism and elevate what would be government crises into regime ones.


Takeaways

Linz uses the US as an example of a moderate population where a Presidential democracy works. Does increasing polarization challenge this? Trump's abuses of power fall neatly in line with Linz's examples of how Presidentialism tends to exacerbate polarization and lead to regime crises. Has America been more polarized in the past, ex. with Andrew Jackson? Was Trump a temporary surge in instability or the indicator of a larger trend?

Notes

  • only stable Presidential democracy is US; Chile was but it collapsed in 1970
  • Presidential democracies => two sources of democratic legitimacy (executive and legislative), no democratic mechanism to mediate between them
  • Presidentialism is more rigid than parliamentarism
    • winner-takes-all mentality: exacerbates polarization and extremism
      • President must form broad coalitions
      • President conflates their supporters with "the people", can delegitimize opposition and refuse to acknowledge limits of their election
      • in Parliament, Cabinet can have more independent leaders, multiple party coalitions => extremes attack each other along with center, moderating extremism
    • added urgency due to term limit, attachment of name to set time period
      • makes compromise a lot harder
      • makes public ideology much more of a driving factor
    • Presidentialism superficially more stable, but deeper down less than parliamentarism
      • government crisis in parliamentary democracy can be weathered, but can become regime crisis in presidential democracy because it's hard to remove a sitting president

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Poli 5: Intro to Comparative Politics

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