The development of underdevelopment

Old view of underdeveloped countries, e.g. Latin American:

• "dual" societies and economies, that of the old holding back that of the new and modern => Frank disagrees, says both are part of larger capitalist development
• but "underdeveloped" is fundamentally different from "undeveloped" of past European nations

Metropolis-satellite model: "modern" parts of underdeveloped countries serve as metropoles that extract resources from "satellite" impoverished parts, these metropoles themselves serving as satellites of global capitalist metropoles => this satellite configuration is why underdeveloped countries remain impoverished

• development of metropoles doesn't bring development to other regions

Hypotheses

• metropoles development and satellites don't: generally confirmed
• satellites develop the most when ties to metropoles are weakest: Latin America developed the most during 17th-century European depression, Napoleonic Wars, WWI, 1930s depression, WWII
• Meiji Japan, by not becoming satellite, industrialized rapidly even though naturally resource-poor
• when metropoles resume domination, this development fades
• most underdeveloped regions today had closest ties to metrpoles in past
• sugar-exporting, ex-mining areas are now the poorest